Born outside the EU across Europe

Comparisons chosen by topic, including weak associations. Each pair uses at least 10 countries with both figures available.

Each bubble is one country. Bubble area represents population. Unweighted Pearson correlation across the countries shown. Bubble size does not affect the calculation. A country-level association does not show cause and effect or describe individual people.

Reference years differ. This is a comparison of published snapshots, not a same-year analysis.