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Estonia and Latvia

The same question asked of every column. Numbers that break down by age or sex follow the controls; the rest stay country-wide and say so.

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Estonia

Latvia

The widest gap is Housing costs over 40% of income: Estonia 8.8% against Latvia 5.7%, 3.1 points apart.

Ageall ages
Sex

One question per row

The faint tick on each bar is the EU27 figure.

Figure
Estonia
Latvia

People

Median age1.5 years
42.9 years
44.4 years
Life expectancy at birth3.0 years
79.4 years
76.4 years
People35.8%
1.4m
1.9m
People per square kilometre6.4%
31.8 per km²
29.9 per km²
Women in the population1.0 points
52.6%
53.6%
Born abroad6.2 points
17.8%
11.6%
Born outside the EU5.5 points
15.9%
10.4%

Money and work

Disposable income per person22.6%
€17,146
€13,983
Average net income17.4%
€19,630
€16,720
Take-home pay, average-wage worker18.4%
€22,537
€19,035
Gross pay, average-wage worker12.0%
€29,364
€26,208
Minimum wage21.3%
€946
€780
In work, age 20 to 643.5 points
81.7%
78.2%
Out of work0.6 points
7.5%
6.9%
Hours worked a week0.9 hours
37.9 hours
38.8 hours
At risk of poverty2.5 points
19.5%
22.0%
Housing costs over 40% of income3.1 points
8.8%
5.7%
GDP per person30.6%
€30,570
€23,410

Family and home

People at home4.8%
2.1
2.2
Households with children1.8 points
27.4%
29.2%
Children per woman5.1%
1.18
1.24
Own their home2.5 points
79.7%
82.2%

Health and daily life

Hospital beds20.5%
413 per 100,000 people
497 per 100,000 people
Doctors5.5%
357 per 100,000 people
339 per 100,000 people
Nurses53.5%
675 per 100,000 people
439 per 100,000 people

Education

With a degree1.4 points
42.1%
40.7%
Students per 1,000 people22.0%
32.3 per 1,000 people
39.4 per 1,000 people

Public spending

Public spending on them30.0%
€12,742
€9,805
Tax raised per person46.5%
€11,178
€7,628
Government debt22.8 points
24.1%
46.9%

Country and infrastructure

Land area42.5%
45,336 km²
64,594 km²
Railway density8.3%
27.2 per 1,000 km²
29.4 per 1,000 km²
Motorway density
5.4 per 1,000 km²
0.0 per 1,000 km²
Cars per 1,000 people36.8%
595 per 1,000 people
435 per 1,000 people
Households with internet1.3 points
95.4%
94.1%
Tourist nights per resident93.2%
4.83
2.5

Environment

Renewable energy4.0 points
42.3%
46.3%
Land under forest1.1 points
56.8%
55.7%

Where €100 of public spending goes

Every euro each general government spends, sorted into the ten functions all 27 countries report against. Open a row for the ranking of 27 and what sits inside it.

Estonia

Latvia

Function
Estonia
Latvia
9.8%
10.1%
8.5%
6.0%
4.2%
7.0%
10.5%
14.5%
1.6%
1.2%
0.9%
2.1%
14.4%
11.9%
4.4%
3.0%
14.2%
13.4%
31.4%
30.9%

Reference year 2024. Total public spending €100.00 in every column, so the ten shares always add up to one hundred.

Frequently asked: Estonia and Latvia

  1. Which government owes more: Estonia or Latvia?

    The gap is 22.8 points: Latvia 46.9%, Estonia 24.1%. Consolidated gross debt of the general government, against GDP. Eurostat · Government debt · 2025. See the figure

  2. Which spends more on health per resident: Estonia or Latvia?

    The gap is 57.4%: Estonia €1,834, Latvia €1,165. Hospitals, doctors, medicines and medical equipment, and public health programmes. Eurostat · Public spending by function · 2024. See the figure

  3. Where were more residents born abroad: Estonia or Latvia?

    The gap is 6.2 points: Estonia 17.8%, Latvia 11.6%. Share of residents born in another country. Eurostat records country of birth, not ethnicity. Eurostat · Born abroad & Born outside the EU · 2025. See the figure

  4. Where do housing costs eat more of the income: Estonia or Latvia?

    The gap is 3.1 points: Estonia 8.8%, Latvia 5.7%. Share whose housing costs exceed 40% of their disposable income. Eurostat · Housing costs over 40% of income · 2025. See the figure

  5. Where is more tax raised per resident: Estonia or Latvia?

    The gap is 46.5%: Estonia €11,178, Latvia €7,628. Taxes and net social contributions received by general government, per resident. Eurostat · Tax raised per person · 2025. See the figure

  6. Which covers more ground: Estonia or Latvia?

    The gap is 42.5%: Latvia 64,594, Estonia 45,336. Total area of the country, inland water included. Eurostat · Land area & People per square kilometre · 2026. See the figure

  7. Where are there more university students per 1,000 people: Estonia or Latvia?

    The gap is 22.0%: Latvia 39.4, Estonia 32.3. People in higher education, per 1,000 residents. Eurostat · University students & Students per 1,000 people · 2024. See the figure

  8. Where are there more hospital beds per 100,000 people: Estonia or Latvia?

    The gap is 20.5%: Latvia 497, Estonia 413. Beds available in hospitals, per 100,000 residents. Eurostat · Hospital beds · 2024. See the figure

  9. Where does more energy come from renewables: Estonia or Latvia?

    The gap is 4.0 points: Latvia 46.3%, Estonia 42.3%. Share of final energy use that comes from renewable sources. Eurostat · Renewable energy · 2025. See the figure

  10. Where do more households have children: Estonia or Latvia?

    The gap is 1.8 points: Latvia 29.2%, Estonia 27.4%. Share of private households with at least one dependent child. Eurostat · Households with children · 2025. See the figure

Medians where possible, per-capita averages for spending. This person is a composite of published statistics, not the most common person in the country.